The Distinction in Student Perceptions of Female Smokers

This study explains the differences in student perceptions of female smokers. The students who were respondents in this study were 2018 students at the University of Palangkaraya and IAIN Palangkaraya. This research was conducted using a survey method with a simple random sampling technique. The number of samples taken was as many as 192. Methods of data analysis using a cross table and Chi Square. There are two research results obtained first, there is no difference in perceptions of female smokers between Palangkaraya University students and IAIN Palangkaraya students. The chi square value is 1.34 and the significance value is 0.24, indicating the relationship between the variables is not significant. Second, there is no difference in perceptions of female smokers between male and female students. The chi squared value of 0.44 and a significance value of 0.50 indicate that the relationship between variables is not significant. Based on the place of study and gender, there is basically no difference in perception. Women who smoke have a negative perspective compared to men who smoke. This is because there is a culture that has been attached to the idea that smoking for women is a very despicable and inappropriate thing.


Introduction
Smoking is one of the activities that many people often do and is easier to find in our lives. The main ingredient used for a cigarette is tobacco. In the early 1600s, tobacco was planted sporadically (Ardanareswari, 2019). Nurhalina (2019) states that Indonesia is one of the countries spotted in prominent three positions for using a cigarette, with the amount of use being one pack on average for a day. The data of active smokers spotted in Indonesia is 36,3%. Christyaningsih (2019) claims that the percentage of female smokers in Indonesia is constantly rising. The percentage of the biggest smokers in Indonesia is located in Kalimantan island and placed explicitly in Central Kalimantan as the data was written in 2018 with the percentage of the number is 32,64%. Furthermore, in 2019 the total data is 29,84% and in 2020 is 28,89%.
In fact, cigarette is one of the most significant contributors to the country's economic income. However, unfortunately, tobacco has dangers for its users, including health problems such as stroke, lung cancer, and peripheral arterial disease (Ratnasari,2018). Even pregnant women who smoke can have low birth weight babies (Octavia,2021). WHO (Adam, 2018) states that around 6 million people die every year cause the habit of smoke as there is a dangerous ingredient of cigrettes even in one piece. There are 4.000 hazardous chemicals; the most dangerous substances are tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide. These substances can cause lung cancer, stroke, hypertension, impotence, pregnancy, and fetal disorders. Substances contained in cigarettes harm the smokers. Even the harmful effects of smoking are not only accepted by the user but also by people around.

(The Distinction in …)
The difference between this study and previous research was made by Akbar (2020) entitled student Smoker: A Phenomenological Study of Female Smokers on Campus. In this study, the main discussion is about how smoking can boost confidence, especially for female students, and also become one of the primary, more straightforward solutions to solve the problem. As well as, cigarettes can be a tool to make a connection to get a new circle of friends such as lighten the mood. Then there is another previous research article by Perwira (2019) entitled Construction of meanings for women smoking phenomenological studies the meaning construction of female smokers in Karawang, which states that the meaning that is present in female smokers in the form of selfconfidence and will feel addicted to cigarettes. Women who have increased self-confidence by smoking will become equal if hanging out with their colleagues; even by smoking, they can be themselves. However, as a result, they become women addicted to cigarettes and cannot be separated from cigarettes. They even make cigarettes the only alternative that can eliminate problems and stress.
There are several ethnics group in Indonesia that make female smokers the culture. One of the ethnicities that use the culture is Dayak in Kayan females (Rizqi,2017). The cigarettes used by Kayan's female is their outcome from their field or is known as longlat (rokok linting). This longlat contains rolls of tobacco on dry leaves. Kayan females are commonly doing smoking activities when they want to go to their fields, cooking, weave, and relax, while at the same time also doing nginang. After that, they will end it by smoking cigarettes. However, due to the times and dynamics of people's lives, people are changing their views on cigarettes, which are only devoted to men. According to Saguni (2014), the culture found in society, especially in Indonesia, still creates stereotypes that are created in society. In the end, stereotypes about the icon of cigarettes cause differences in social and antisocial behaviour, which are expected as undesirable behaviour of men and women.
Smoking for women is considered something that is not common and is considered for women who are naughty, wild, or even labeled as rogue (Rosyidah et al, 2019). the sight of female smokers is also influenced by the social environment, one of which is the place of study. In addition to environmental factors, gender is also included in support of the factor. The view given to female smokers based on the place of study in a religious environment will be different from the general environment. People in a religious environment usually already know and apply that the smoking law is permissible. However, the prohibition and immorality will arise from other factors, such as if it causes harm to life and property (Hasni, 2019). Also, the MUI clarifies that the smoking law is prohibited between makruh and haram (Siddiq,2009). Thus, cigarettes also cause wasteful behavior where wasteful is the devil's brother (Hafil, 2021). The law of smoking is haram because cigarettes can damage body parts and even cause death.
As time has flown, the lousy view of women smokers seems to be fading due to the society, which is also increasingly turning modern. According to Ayu (2018), many students smoke in public place casually without regard to their environment. The behavior that was initially just a trial has now become a lifestyle and even a trend in people's lives nowadays. Even women who smoke now have their status as passive or active smokers. The changes that occur lives nowadays. Even women who smoke now have their status as passive or active smokers. The changes that occur are not only in the personal sphere of the female smokers but also in the environmental realm because the environment is the most decisive supporting factor in deciding to become a heavy smoker. In addition, according to Adam et al. (2018), women smoke because of addiction. Women interpret cigarettes as intermediaries between friends who can change the atmosphere to be fluid when doing social interactions, become more confident also as a lifestyle.
Based on this description, this study explains the distinction in student perceptions' of female smokers. Will a place of study with Islamic nuances have a different view from a place of study with mixed students? Also, this study wants to clarify whether the gender of students participates in changing the view of women who smoke. This study was chosen to answer the anxiety in the community when seeing women who smoke. The background for choosing the location of this research is based on data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) for the last three years, showing that the highest number of smokers in Kalimantan Province is in Central Kalimantan. Therefore, this research is focused on students'in-state campuses, namely the University of Palangkaraya and IAIN Palangkaraya.

Methods
This study used a survey method taken at Palangkaraya University and IAIN Palangkaraya. The sampling technique used in this study is probability sampling, which is a technique that provides equal opportunities for all members of the population to be selected as sample members (Martono, 2016), and the calculation uses the sloving formula, which finally reached 192 respondents. Simple random sampling is the next step that is taken for this study. In order to support the data that was chosen from the questionnaire, the researcher performed interviews with some respondents as the source for secondary data.
This validity test in this study used the Pearson correlation test. The results of the data validity test show that all question items are valid at the significance level of 0.001 and 0.005. The reliability test results using the method Cronbach's alpha show that the alpha value is 0.436 (Variable of study place) and 0.029 (variable of perception of women who smoke), which means the instrument is reliable. Then, the data analysis in this study uses using chi-square method.

Result and Discussion
The social environment is where daily communication occurs between individuals, individuals to the group, or group to group. Here, the social environment is an important place to socialize to establish character and habitual of person. However, this kind of environment can be a place for growing positive effects and adverse effects, for example, smoking habit. Internal factors and internal factors cause this behavior. The internal factor comes from the individual who has a big desire, then, for the external factor (social environment) can be influenced by friends and family. Thus, the social environment can be a supporting factor for someone to know the smoking habit, and one of them is a study place. Smoking is an activity than can damage to surroundings. In this research, most respondents agreed that smoking is dangerous.
Picture 1. The respondent's statement of habitual smoking. Figure 1 shows that 99% of respondents say that smoking is a dangerous issue for humans. The data about the perception that smoking can be harmful in this study is taken from two universities with different backgrounds, such as general-based and religion-based. Here, it clearly shows that 99% of respondents agree that smoking is hazardous.
The culture still sticks and stands in the social community and still creates stereotypes about how males and females are in different sight. The existence of differences in society between males and females causes a grouping between appropriate and inappropriate behavior as well as expected and unexpected behavior. One of the stereotypes in Indonesia's society can be seen in the respondent's perception of women's smoking habits. In other words, the habit of females that are smoking is still be converted as it cause that smoking is still taboo if women conduct it. Moreover, smoking is also prohibition thing in religion. This is an example table about the respondent's perception that habitual smoking is a prohibition in religion. Based on table 1, the majority of respondents in both universities of this research agree about the statement that smoking is prohibited by religion. Hence, religion said that smoking is one prohibition due to having a negative impact. With this negative impact, women smoking would accept the most significant effect behind it. In addition, the table seen below is proof of this study. Based on table 2, the majority of respondents show that they agree the statement of smoking can harm the personal and social health of women. Furthermore, the perception that females who smoke are naughty women can arise as a result of this belief. An overview of respondents' perceptions of female smokers as naughty girls can be seen in the following table:  Table 3 shows that most respondents agree that women who smoke will be considered naughty. In addition, women who smoke will be considered taboo behavior. This can be proven through the research table as follows:  Table 4 shows that most of the respondents agree that women's smoking is a taboo behavior in people's lives. Therefore, women who smoke will get a rejection by the environment. This is evidenced through the research table as follows:  Table 5 shows that there is no difference; most respondents agree that the community cannot accept women who smoke.
Besides looking at the respondent's study place, this research also observes gender. The genders can cause differences in the perception of female smokers. Here, there is a difference in viewpoint of smoking. In religion, smoking is one of the prohibition issues. However, for men, smoking is not a thing that is prohibited. This is evidenced through the research table as follows.  Table 6 shows that there is a diversity in the perception that smoking is a forbidden issue in religion. Most male respondents denied it for reasons such as that the views of scholars who discuss cigarettes still differ; otherwise, some say that cigarettes are haram because they can harm themselves and others. Besides, some scholars say that smoking is not haram only limited to makruh. In religious teachings, all its followers must do what is beneficial, and if it can harm others and themselves, it is unlawful. Smoking will have a negative impact, and if women consume cigarettes, the impact they receive is on women's health and social life. This is evidenced in the research table as follows:  Table 7 shows that most respondents agree that smoking can harm social and healthy life, especially for women. The female respondents agree with the statement that smoking can have a negative impact both on social and healthy life, and most of them give their reason that smoking can affect their health problems. In addition, besides being health life, the habit of smoking also can make a negative perception in the public community since smoking for women is lousy behavior; so women who smoke will be judged as naughty women. This is evidenced in the research table as follows: From table 8, it can be seen that there are no differences; the majority of respondents agree that if women smoke, they are labeled as naughty. The assessment of women who smoke is not limited to naughty women but is also included in the group of taboo behavior in society. Here is evidenced in the table of research results as follows: As written in table 9, there are no differences. Most respondents agree that smoking, especially for women, is still considered taboo; also, they have a negative valuation by the public community. Hence, the selection of the environment of friends also influences attitudes and behavior. Choosing a positive friendship environment will have a positive impact as well. The environment does not accept women who smoke. This is evidenced in the table of research results as follows:  Table 10 shows that most respondents do not accept that women smoke. This is because various negative perceptions will lead to women who smoke. There is no distinction between perceptions about female smokers according to the students of their study places. Both study places have strict regulations that the campus community must obey. In addition to the regulations, to make the campus community obey them, sanctions are given for those who violate them. However, sanctions are still imposed as the two places of study are still rarely known by students. Moreover, the sanctions that are given are still too frugal such as reprimanding and cleaning the surrounding environment.

The Analysis of Distinction in Study Places with Perceptions of Female Smokers
This study aims to explain the differences between study location variables and perceptions of women who smoke. For this reason, the statistical tool used in this study is the Chi-Square test. The following are the results of the Chi-Square test between the study site variables and the perception variable about women who smoke can be seen below. Based on the Chi-Square test, the Chi-Square value of the study location variable and the perception of women smoking is 1.34 with a p-value of 0.24. It means there are differences in perceptions of women smoking according to the study area. However, the Chi-Square value illustrates that the difference in perceptions of women smoking according to the study area is not significant. This means that the research results with this sample cannot be generalized to the population because of the high error rate.
The social environment is one example that the interaction always happens in human beings as it is between one another and groups. In order to create a positive environment, people have to create a positive scope of friendship too. According to Putri & Dewi (2019) Kurniawan (2018), peers will be the most crucial in determining individual behavior. According to Cahyo (2020), an environment with a good friendships will try to provide moral and material support under any circumstances. This is because peers are, for each individual, a source of affection and a place for expressing themselves in relationships with others. Because of this, the individuals that are well known as teenagers prefer to spend time with friends of the same age with positive support and motivation as the individual can feel loved and protected.
Society is a social group whose job is to socialize gender, but even if it moves as agents of gender socialization because there are still many people who do not fully understand the meaning of gender equality. According to Skinner (Suci, 2016), a person's attitudes and behavior are tied to the culture created by the community itself. Society creates and categorizes the roles and rights of men as well as women. This is in line with Nurture's theory which explains that the roles and rights between men and women are not distinguished because of biological factors but by social constructs and the influence of cultural factors. Behavior in individuals resulting from hereditary culture will create constructs that are considered natural and absolute and cannot be changed, as is the culture of the people who perceive women who smoke are naughty women like it as a taboo behavior. This is also one of the examples of differentiation from the case if men smoke, it will be considered normal behavior. Thus, this diversity of opinions occurs based on the social construct where before the respondent establishes a relationship with the social environment of friends. The respondent's peers first get knowledge in the family environment because the culture that has been formed in the community has first been instilled in the family realm. It is shown that there is no distinction in the differences in perception of female smokers between the genders themselves. Here, the perception of female smokers provokes gender bias. This is seen in females that are smoking and are accused as mischievous. The taboo things in society have an enormous effect on self-health and society compared to male smokers.

The Analysis of Gender Differences with Perceptions of Female Smokers
Therefore, this study aims to explain the correlation between gender variables also the perception of female smoking. The statistical test tool used in this research is the Chi-Square test.
Then, the following table shows the Chi-Square test results between gender variables and the perception variable about female smokers. Based on the Chi square test, the number of Chi square from the gender variable and the perception of female smokers is 0, 44 with a p-value is 0,50. It means differences in the perception of female smokers based on gender. However, the number of Chi square describes the diversity of (The Distinction in …) perception about female smokers, which refers to gender is not insignificant. In addition to meaning, the result of this sample cannot be generated with the population because the mistake was grave.
Females that are smoking in public communities perception's is a someone that is well known as mischievous, also being accused as someone that breaks the norm; it is because that smoking for a woman is something still taboo. However, if it is for men, the cigarette symbolizes authority, masculinity, and maturity (Minarwati et al., 2018). Also, based on gender, female smokers have a negative perspective compared to men. It is because there is a culture that has been attached to society as if females are doing smoking is a very disgraceful and inappropriate thing.

Conclusion
Based on the results of the research and discussion that has been stated, it can be concluded as follows : 1. There is no difference perception of the female who smokes between the respondents form Palangkaraya University and Palangkaraya State Institute of Relegion. The chi-square value of 1.34 and the significance value of 0.24 indicate that the relationship between variables is not significant at the 0.05 level, which means that the two variables cannot be generalized to the population because of the high error rate. 2. There is no difference perception of women who smoke between male and female respondants.
It is indicated by the chi-square value of 0.44 and the significance value of 0.50, which means that the two variables are in significant and cannot be generalized. It is because other factors have a more significant influence on the perception of the female who smokes.